As expected, the network of RUFY4 was shown to be involved in several crucial immunomodulation processes, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, PD-L1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1) expression and PD-1 (programmed death-1) checkpoint pathway in cancer, T helper cells differentiation, T cell receptor signaling pathway, and primary immunodeficiency (Fig. 6E). Here, PDCD1 is linked to inborn error of immunity.