TGFB1 and Alzheimer disease: Additionally, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data have demonstrated critical roles for TGF-β signaling in various neurological injuries or disorders, including chemical-induced hippocampal injury, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson’s, AD, and ALS (Bruccoleri et al., 1998; Buss et al., 2008; Munoz et al., 2020; Seth et al., 2017).