Important advances have been made in identifying islet cell molecules that are targeted during the autoimmune response during T1D, including the native protein and epitopes of proinsulin (9–13), islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (14), GAD65 (15), insulinoma-associated antigen 2 (16), chromogranin (17), and islet-amyloid polypeptide (18). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.