Activation of TGFβ signaling was found in IPF HTII-280+ ATII cells by scRNA-seq analysis [72], and TGFβ signaling might be responsible for halting ATII self-renewal and inducing ATII differentiation into ATI cells in LPS-induced acute lung injury. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.