Notably, CD56(-)/CD16( +) NK-cells are an aberrant, likely exhausted subset that expand during HIV-infection and exhibit limited capacity for cytotoxicity and cytokine (i.e. IFN-γ) production, while retaining capability to secrete pro-inflammatory chemokines such as MIP-1β/CCL4 [31, 32]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and HIV infectious disease.