Notably, CD56(-)/CD16( +) NK-cells are an aberrant, likely exhausted subset that expand during HIV-infection and exhibit limited capacity for cytotoxicity and cytokine (i.e. IFN-γ) production, while retaining capability to secrete pro-inflammatory chemokines such as MIP-1β/CCL4 [31, 32]. Here, CCL4 is linked to HIV infectious disease.