They could be used as standalone tests or in a combinational biomarker panel, but different configurations and accuracies will likely depend on disease stage; Aβ42/40 and GFAP are likely to be more associated with preclinical Aβ, whereas p-tau181 and NfL may be later markers with increases more apparent in the transition between preclinical and prodromal AD. This evidence concerns the gene NEFL and Alzheimer disease.