SMOX and infection: Live imaging beginning at 4 h post-infection showed that rhamnose-induced intracellular PAO1ΔexsA PrhaexsA had become T3SS-positive and exhibited intracellular replication and spreading, mimicking wild-type PAO1 (Fig 9C and 9D), with maximum intracellular spreading occurring 2–3 h later than wild-type.