Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that elevated AF levels of EN-RAGE, S100A8/A9, and uPA (but not IL-8, lipocalin-2, or MMP-9) were significantly associated with SPTB at < 32 weeks after adjusting for cervical dilatation, cerclage placement, and vaginal progesterone therapy (Table 3). This evidence concerns the gene PLAU and atrial fibrillation.