TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The downregulation of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway has been suggested as a mechanism underlying β cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.[43] It has been reported that TNF level contributes HS in diet‐induced obesity,[44] CD40 deficiency in mice exacerbates obesity‐induced HS and insulin resistance,[45] mice lacking CSF‐1 have reduced adiposity,[46] and decreased serum level of TWEAK concentration is associated with the MAFLD.[47]