INS and Glucose intolerance: For example, Proteobacteria with adherent-invasive capacities (E. coli, Campylobacter concisus, and enterohepatic Helicobacter) are active components of IBD (Mukhopadhya et al. 2012); and E. coli colonisation alone induce sufficient macrophage infiltration of white adipose tissue, reduced insulin sensitivity and glucose intolerance in germ-free mice (Caesar et al. 2012).