INS and Hyperglycemia: In conjunction with increased circulating LPS from the Gram-negative bacterial species (e.g. Bacteroides, Prevotella and Enterobacteriaceae), decreased butyrate could create an immune imbalance in favour of a pro-inflammatory state with an elaborate systemic dysmetabolism – insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia and increased weight gain, albeit not injurious in this context (Fig. 2).