CDKN1A and carcinoma: An in vitro analysis on A431 human carcinoma cells revealed that HSP (10–500 μM) upregulated ROS production, JNK1/2, p38, Bax, p21 expression and suppressed the expression of ERK1/2, cyclin B1, D1, D3, E1, thereby leading to apoptosis and reduced cell viability [110].