CASP3 and cancer: This study also revealed that HSP-activated caspase-3 and -9, increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; hence inducing apoptosis and down-regulated HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGFR2 signalling pathway, reduced the expression of cyclin B1 and D1 with upregulating Claudin-1, ZO-1 expression, leading to decreasing cancer cell proliferation [106].