ACE and myocardial infarction: Compared to controls, patients with HF had a higher male frequency (59.6 vs. 42.0%, p = 0.030), had a longer hospital stay, had higher rates of atrial fibrillation, prior myocardial infarction, stroke, prior coronary revascularization, and more likely to use digoxin, diuretics, and cardioprotective medicine at discharge, such as beta-blocker, spironolactone, angiotensin system antagonist [angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), and angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI)].