There are still many questions about translation elongation that need to be resolved: 1) The exact physiological function of phosphorylated EF-G and EF-Tu; 2) The molecular mechanism of how ADP-ribosylation impairs the function of eEF2; 3) The molecular mechanism of EF4 in protein translation under stress conditions; 4) The unique requirement of eEF3 in fungal and its action mechanism in translation elongation; 5) The feasibility of eEF2K as a tumor therapeutic target; 6) The molecular mechanism of eIF5A and its hypusine modification in protein translation and tumorigenesis. Here, GFM1 is linked to neoplasm.