CSF2 and neoplasm: Within solid tumors, the accumulation of MDSCs within the TME correlates with the presence of tumor-mediated cytokines/chemokines, including IL-6, IL-1, GM-CSF, prostaglandins, and TGF-β, correlated with clinical tumor stage (Almand et al., 2001; Mirza et al., 2006; Ochoa et al., 2007; Diaz-Montero et al., 2009).