Insulin enhances migration in other cells via signaling pathways different from those involved in the action of C-peptide; it increases motility in PCa cells, a type of human prostate cancer cell, through regulation of PI3K-MAPK (Sarkar et al., 2019) and in the oncogenic KRASG12D variant of immortalized human pancreatic duct-derived cells through MMP2 gelatinolytic activity (Wang et al., 2019). Here, MMP2 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.