AR and Familial prostate cancer: Comprehensive genomic characterization of prostate cancer has identified recurrent alterations in genes involved in androgen signalling, DNA repair, and PI3K signalling, such as TP53, SPOP, PTEN, AR, FOXA1, MYC, ATM and APC. However, the incidence of significantly mutated genes follows a long-tail distribution, where the frequent alterations are only detected in ~5-10% of cases, and many other genes are mutated in <3% of cases (104).