While the mechanisms underlying potential anti-tumorigenic effects of exercise remain elusive, several have been proposed and include reduced circulating insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and proinflammatory cytokines, reduced tumor vascularization, AR adaptations, reduced cholesterol, production of unknown ‘exercise circulating factors’ contained in exosomes and reprogramming of metabolic and immunological dysregulation (129, 130). Here, AR is linked to neoplasm.