Based on the above results we imputed that ICIs may still yield survival benefits in high-risk BLCA patients but the normal anti-tumor immunity needed to be restored within tumor parenchyma (such as inhibition of fibroblasts in tumor stroma, elimination or transformation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), Tregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), inhibition of TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is bladder transitional cell carcinoma.