For example, TLR-7, -8, and -9, which are not only expressed in the innate immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), but also are expressed in the lymphocytes, such as T-cells, and B-cells (60, 63, 64), can be activated by the self-nucleic acids (DAMPs released from damaged cells) (60, 61), and in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the mechanism of how TLRs directly regulate the adaptive immune response without the innate immune cells, which deepens our understanding of the role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of AIDs. The gene discussed is TLR7; the disease is AIDS.