They demonstrated that crocin modulates the serum levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic inflammatory cytokines, including MMP-13, MMP-3, MMP-9, HAases, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, IL-6, COX-2, and PGE2, as well as ROS mediators, which were increased in the RA-induced rats. Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.