In IPF, UPR stimulates the production of fibrotic mediators, such as TGF-β, PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor), CXCL12 (CXC chemokine 12), CCL2 (chemokine CC ligand 2) (Wolters et al., 2014; Kropski and Blackwell, 2018). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.