VIM and pulmonary fibrosis: Under activation of Akt1 and peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2), Cd/CB can induce Vim citrullination and Cit-Vim secretion, which in turn triggers fibroblasts to infiltrate lung microspheres, promotes increased expression of collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and induces lung fibrosis (Li et al., 2021).