GSK3B and major depressive disorder: Similarly, elevated GSK-3β mRNA levels were measured in the hippocampus of patients with major depression (Oh et al., 2010), and polymorphisms in the GSK-3β gene were reported in individuals with BD and major depression (Saus et al., 2011; Terao et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020), and could be correlated with a therapeutic response to lithium (Benedetti et al., 2005).