Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) are the best studied pathways, but other receptors of significant interest in both infectious disease and cancer include lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3). Here, PDCD1 is linked to infectious disease.