Divergent from IL6, GERD-associated bile acid–mediated induction of LIF has been observed to be significantly higher in squamous esophageal cells than EAC cell lines,39 with a later study confirming significantly higher levels of constitutive LIF messenger RNA expression in HGD/EAC samples compared with healthy esophageal tissues via immunohistochemistry.40 Here, LIF is linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease.