In familial adenomatous polyposis, mutational loss of function of the APC gene results in overactive β-catenin signaling and subsequent promotion of cancer stemness in colonic epithelial cells.77, 78, 79 TNFα levels become progressively higher from metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma and, in early data, were observed to up-regulate the c-myc oncogene through β-catenin action independent from NF-κB in esophageal cells (Figure 2).46 Here, NFKB1 is linked to cancer.