TGFB1 and neoplasm: Various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF), granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor (GMCSF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGFβ), and S100 proteins are released in the TME, which induces the recruitment of immature myeloid cells (IMC) to the tumor site and perturb the maturation of myeloid cells (Gabrilovich, Ostrand-Rosenberg, & Bronte, 2012).