TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Therefore, it is not surprising that anti-TNF therapy has major beneficial clinical effects in several autoimmune diseases such as RA and IBD, but also induces adverse effects such as increased susceptibility to infection and more unexpectedly exacerbation of pre-existing autoimmune disease (e.g. multiple sclerosis) or even new development of autoimmune-like symptoms in different organs [2, 8].