In RCC, CAFs were highly prevalent cells in the TME and were involved in facilitating tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and therapy resistance.51 52 Studies have shown that CAFs infiltrating the TME could hamper the response of immunotherapy in metastatic bladder, melanoma, and kidney cancer.12 53 Based on the analysis of 47 patients who received immunotherapy in this study, significantly worse PFS was found in patients with high CAFs infiltration, compared with patients with low CAFs infiltration. Here, TBX1 is linked to renal cell carcinoma.