ENTPD1 and neoplasm: It has been documented that exhausted CD8+ T cells, which express various inhibitory receptors, including PD-1 and CD39, are unable to effectively kill tumor cells.25 26 To that end, we evaluated the exhaustion state of CD8+ T cells in vivo and in vitro and found that the expression of exhaustion markers on CD8+ T cells was significantly decreased in the treatment group compared with the control group (figure 2K–N).