VEGFA and cancer: These transcription factors have several effects including: maintenance of cancer stem cell stemness and promotion of tumour cell dedifferentiation [25, 26]; upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mediated angiogenesis [26]; increased chemokine signalling to promote vasculogenesis [26]; upregulation of microRNAs involved in resistance to temozolomide [27]; promotion of a proneural-to-mesenchymal transition [28]; and a shift towards a growth promoting metabolome with increased rates of glycolysis [28].