RAC1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Down-regulation of both RAC1 and RAS indicated that PI3K-AKT signaling pathway was inhibited in DMOA patients.[27,28] Inhibited PI3K-AKT signaling pathway can interfere with glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism,[29] leading to insulin resistance (IR),[30] and both T2DM occurrence and progression.[31] Meanwhile, down-regulation of FLNA and HSP72 activated MAPK signaling pathway, which marks the occurrence of oxidative stress.