The Kyoto APOE mutation is a common mutation in LPG, and functional studies have shown that this variant affects normal protein function (PS3).[21] The previous reports have demonstrated that a heterozygous form of the APOE Kyoto mutation was detected in patients with LPG, but some pedigree members carrying the variant had no corresponding clinical manifestations.[8] Another report also showed that 28 asymptomatic carriers indicated incomplete penetrance of the Kyoto mutation; however, the detailed mechanisms of incomplete penetrance remain unknown.[20]. This evidence concerns the gene APOE and lipoprotein glomerulopathy.