The in vitro finding of increased KKS activation, clinical studies demonstrating activation of prekallikrein (an intermediate in the KKS cascade), and successful treatment of PUUV infected HFRS patients using BK antagonists suggest that KKS activation and release of BK might play a role in the hantavirus induced AKI (65, 90). The gene discussed is KNG1; the disease is hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.