Many studies have investigated the role of PD-L1 expression and EBV in the prognosis and risk stratification of NPC, as well as other EBV-associated malignancies, but most of them did not combine tumor PD-L1 expression with EBV-DNA to further stratify NPC patients (30, 33, 47–51) Hu and colleagues stratified NPC patients into three groups based on the combination of EBV DNA load and PD-L1 expression on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.