In the first study, a specific iron chelator HQBA inhibited Wnt signaling in a variety of cancer cell lines and inhibited growth of mammary tumors in MMTV-Wnt1 mouse models of Wnt-dependent breast cancer and in MMTV-PyMT mouse models of Wnt-independent breast cancer [29] indicating the plausible proliferative effects of iron both dependent and independent of Wnt signaling. Here, WNT1 is linked to breast carcinoma.