AS101 as an immunomodulator can significantly decrease serum levels of human IgG, IgA, IgM (e.g., anti-dsDNA IgG, anti-Sm IgG), and IL-10 in humanized SLE mice (SCID mice engrafted with 1.5×107 PBMCs/mouse from patients with SLE) (27). The gene discussed is CD40LG; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.