In mouse models of AIH (Ad-hFTCD-infected NOD mice) (102) it has been demonstrated that engineered peptide-MHC complex-coated nanoparticles loaded with relevant AIH specific peptides activated and expanded cognate CD4+ type 1 regulatory (Tr1) T cells and regulatory B cells, and reduced liver inflammation, fibrosis, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels without compromise immunity against viruses (vaccinia, influenza), intracellular bacteria (Listeria), or metastatic (liver) allogeneic tumors (102–104). Here, CD4 is linked to inflammatory response.