TNF and gout: Many studies have confirmed that the expression levels of some inflammatory factors, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, are significantly increased in patients with acute gout flare (16, 17), while α1­antitrypsin (AAT) or some anti- Inflammatory factors such as IL-37, TGF-β, IL-10 and IL-1RA (IL1RN) are negative regulators of gout inflammation (18–21).