TGFB1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: AE improves HFD-induced pulmonary fibrosis by counteracting obesity-associated insulin resistance, chronic inflammatory responses, and pro-oxidative/antioxidative imbalance and shows an antifibrogenic effect by suppressing TGF-β, IL-17, NE, and MMP-9 production in obese mice.