HSF1 and cardiac hypertrophy: Inhibition of HSP70 expression (both intracellular and extracellular) through inactivation of HSF-1 can promote myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction but ameliorate cardiac fibrosis; functional inhibition of extracellular HSP70 using anti-HSP70 attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis (Cai et al., 2010).