Pancreatic β-cells secrete insulin-containing EVs into the islet milieu that are recognized by the infiltrating dendritic cells and macrophages in NOD (non-obese diabetic) mice (Ferris et al., 2016), a mouse model of T1DM, resulting in the activation of APCs, which in turn with the help of MHC-II, are responsible for presenting insulin B-chain peptide and its fragments to reactive CD4+T cells (Vomund et al., 2015). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.