Interestingly, five new pathways that did not show up either in IFN-λ3 vs. NT or IFN-λ4 vs. NT pathway analysis were significantly affected when the comparison was made between IFN-λ4 vs. IFN-λ3; these novel pathways were involved in some important human diseases like human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, pertussis and leishmaniasis (Fig. 5). The gene discussed is IFNL4; the disease is leishmaniasis.