Consistent with our hypothesis that AKR1C1/2 favors relapse events, a significantly shorter PFS was noted for patients expressing AKR1C1/2 (IRS > 0) in their tumor tissue (median PFS 23.5 vs. 49.6 months, p = 0.013, n = 124) (Fig. 2A). Here, IARS1 is linked to neoplasm.