This was also supported by demonstrating that plasma levels of IGF-II, which is also carried by IGFBP3 in the circulation, were comparable in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, and by further confirming increased peripheral IGFBP3 in diabetes through Luminex technology (Supplementary Fig. 2e–h) and by validating the analysis through a clinically grade electrochemiluminescence immune-assay (Supplementary Fig. 2i). This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP3 and diabetes mellitus.