The most recent study, which was the largest, looked at circulating cytokines before and after treatment initiation for patients with melanoma treated with anti-PD1 or anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) plus anti-PD1 therapy.26 While the study did not find cytokines predicting toxicity to single-agent anti-PD1 therapy, they did find cytokines predicting toxicity to combination anti-PD1 plus anti-CTLA-4 therapy, with an AUC of 0.78 in their training cohort (n=58) and an AUC of 0.68 in their validation cohort (n=49). This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and melanoma.