Other approaches to try and identify patients at risk of irAEs have used baseline gene profiling in whole blood33 or circulating cytokines before and after the initiation of treatment.26 34 The baseline gene profiling approach found some evidence for baseline biomarkers and is consistent with the hypothesis that irAEs are patient-specific, but this approach has not been applied to anti-PD1/PDL1 therapies nor has it been investigated across cancer types. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and cancer.