Furthermore, epistaxis has also been reported in trials exploring inhibition of the TGF-β pathway in cancers, including STM 434, a soluble receptor ligand trap targeting activin A and bintrafusp α, a monoclonal antibody against programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) fused to an extracellular domain of TGF-βRII (38, 39). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.