Among the 14 candidate genes we selected, most genes have been confirmed to be related to the prognosis of GBM, such as: SPAG4, FKBP1B, DLEU1, PRKAR2B, NRL, CD24, GAS6; some genes have not been clearly studied to be related to the occurrence of any known tumors, such as CAMSAP2; the remaining genes have not been significantly expressed in GBM, such as CORO6 (Lo et al., 2009; Sun et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2019). Here, NRL is linked to glioblastoma.