Furthermore, we have assessed the relation between expression levels of IL-19 or IL-17 and ACE2 or TMPRSS2 in the nasopharyngeal swabs of large cohort of COVID-19 patients (n = 430; GSE152075) and notably, found that expression levels of these cytokines of nasopharyngeal swab in COVID-19 positively correlated with ACE2 or TMPRSS2 expression levels (Supplementary Figures 3A, B). Here, TMPRSS2 is linked to COVID-19.