The genes that were reported earlier to negatively regulate androgen synthesis, namely, Ywhae, Ywhaz, and Sf1 (36, 37), were also identified in our studies in the top 20 negatively correlated TFs of Star or Cyp17a1. Our data also revealed that the positive correlation of several TFs with androgen synthesis signature, such as Nr5a1, Yy1, Sod1, and Ncor1, was improved during orchitis (Supplementary Figure S2C). This evidence concerns the gene YY1 and orchitis.