PADI4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In conclusion, the current study provides evidence that PAD4-dependent NET formation plays an essential mediating role in the gut-pancreas axis by modulating the migration of enteric autoimmune T cells and activating autoantibodies, suggesting that clearing abnormal NETs in the gut with nuclease or blocking NET formation with PAD4 inhibitors may be a new therapy approach for T1D prevention and treatment.