TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: A clinical study in NSCLC exhibited that the positive expression rate of TGF-β1 in adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) was 27.3%, and in minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) was 65.2%, demonstrating that TGF-β1 overexpression makes the tumor more invasive (Imai et al., 2013).