Mixed effects regression models controlling for correlation within subjects confirmed statistically significant differences between CTRL and AD astrocytes for GFAP (p = 0.025) and YKL-40 (p = 0.027), whereas the differences for EAAT1, EAAT2, GS, and VIM were not statistically significant (see Table S3: Additional file 1). Here, CHI3L1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.